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TOK Short Presentation on idea/thing OR knowledge debate/example (1-2 minutes... seriously)
List of thing/idea/effect/phenomenon:
CAN SELECT (AFTER CHECKING WITH ROHOL) THE BEST TOK-RELEVANT NOTION/PHENOMENON/NEW ADVANCE IN KNOWLEDGE
CHECK THE COGNITIVE BIAS POSTER - CAN PICK ONE FROM THERE
"veil of ignorance" (Rawls)
Loss aversion
The framing effect
Metacognition
The anchoring effect
the interstitium
Group polarization
Meritocracy
information cascade
conventional wisdom vs collective wisdom
Bayes’s theorem
The Flynn effect (deals with IQ)
Neuroplasticity
Prospect theory
Mimetic desire
Efficient market hypothesis (EMH)
New Urbanism (city planning)
Swarm intelligence (mostly in animal world)
Neural pruning (happens in youth)
Say’s law (mostly deals with economics)
Memes
“the Dunbar number” (deals with group cohesion)
Moore’s law
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Confirmation bias
Hawthorne effect
Diagnosis bias
“chasing a loss”
Value attribution
Hindsight bias
Inattentional blindness
Availability bias
Sunk cost fallacy/bias
Snowball effect (tipping points)
Chameleon effect (Pygmalion effect vs Golem effect)
Procedural justice
Game theory
Arbitrary coherence
The endowment effect
Ethnosphere
Google’s N-gram
Congenital savants vs acquired savants (or savants overall)
Luddites
Heuristics (as a concept)
Edison’s Menlo Park (consider it as a sort of knowledge community: what were its rules, hierarchy, etc)
Ciphers
Sturgeon’s Law / “information theory”
The idea of a “moral hazard”
Mental visualization and/or Muscle memory/Performance anxiety
Quantum Entanglement
Focal dystonia
Mirror neurons
Quantum nonlocality
Retrocausality
The Hebb effect
Cassandra pardox
Biophilia (or consider the entire larger field of sociobiology)
Wabi-sabi (Kintsugi)
Negative externalities
Fuzzy logic
Learned helplessness
Depressive realism
Non-Euclidian geometry (Riemannian etc)
Simpson’s paradox
Gödel's incompleteness theorems
Great chain of being
Ig nobel prize vs. the nobel prize vs the Fields medal
Provenance (in the art world)
Historiography
Tetrachromacy
The Human Connectome Project
The Gini coefficient
Solar storm of 1859
Lenny Bruce
Columbia/Challenger investigations
moksha
Dunning-Kruger effect
Ornithology
Laplace
John von neumann
Antoine lavoisier
AVOID: Rosalind franklin (with watson crick)
Santiago Ramon y Cajal
John Frum
Tegmark’s Mathematical Universe Hypothesis (MUH)
Shinrin-yoku
Trivium (medieval TOK idea)
Cartesian dualism (and why it is probably wrong/flawed)
Global aphasia patients (and their wordless thought processes)
Proprioception or Nocieception
Umwelt (sense perception)
Euler’s Constant
Koans
Kaizen
The idea/examples of a Pyrrhic victory
Trans-magnetic stimulation (TMS)
Leaky gut syndrome (pseudoscience or unproven science)
Scoville scale, schmidt pain index, michelin stars
Elo rating system (sports analytics)
a singularity (in Physics or as a concept)
convergent evolution
probabilistic modeling (or “predictive policing” models)
parsimony
zombie lie (one that won’t die)
“the yips” (in sports like with Chuck Knoblach or Rick Ankiel)
Regression to the mean
Self-justification bias
Homo floresiensis
ampullae of Lorenzini (animal sense perception)
lithotripsy
stereotype threat
Goodhart's law
Herd immunity
Connatural knowledge
Virtue signaling
Chautauqua
Montessori schools
ICD-10
Galvanism
Sensory Mneumonics
ALLADDIN – autonomous learning agents for decentralized data and informational networks
*attempts to change/label our geologic/historical period the anthropocene
metaphors (or attitudes) towards knowing shown in Pandora’s box, Prometheus or the Tree of Knowledge myth tales
The Golden Record (on the Voyager space missions)
The Apartheid Museum in Johannesburg or The Kigali Genocide Museum in Rwanda or The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe in Berlin
John Philip Sousa's opposition to recorded music
Fruit of the poisonous tree
Dunning-Kruger effect (and the Imposter Syndrome)
The Hedonic Treadmill
Eddington Limit
Adaptive Optics
Serendipity and methodical work : Roentgen and discovery of the X-ray
Exploration and observation: Von Humboldt and biogeography of ecosystems
Hypothetico-deductive method: Edward Jenner and the discovery of smallpox vaccine
Mathematics and new assumptions : Max Planck and quantum theory
Luck and observation: Alexander Fleming and the discovery of penicillin
Scrutiny of astrological images: discovery of Eris 2005
Hedonic treadmill
Zipf’s law
Kelvin’s vortex theory of atoms
The adjacent possible
Jan Oort's 1932 conceptualization of idea of dark matter
Minnesota Starvation Experiment (1945)
Outdated Science (pick one):
spontaneous generation
maternal impression
recapitulation theory
caloric theory
N-Rays
Lamarckian inheritance
phlogiston theory
anomalous water
luminiferous aether
steady state theory of the universe
Rutherford model of the atom,
The Pseudoscience of Live Blood Cell Analysis
Homunculi in preformationism – as a bad model/theory in history of natural science
Miasma or things being “in the ether” – another bad model from nat sci
a singularity (in Physics or as a concept)
Phlogiston – a dead end idea in the natural sciences
Rosicrucians The idea of sacred geometry
cosmological constant (Einstein) Noetic sciences
The old medical idea of the four humors (blood, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile) and the need to balance them
Darwin’s root brain theory
“law of specific energy” (ears respond only to sound, eyes only to light, etc) OR “labeled lines (neural connections are specific to their modality) OR the overall “modular brain” concept
LIDAR use (in archeology and other research pursuits)
Knowledge Community Debates (and good examples for TOK Essays):
Revision about bi-directional exchange of cells/information between mother and neo-natal child
Is Pluto the 9th planet? The debate over the scientific (IAU) definition of a “planet” [IAU definition of planet OR Pluto]
The Cold Fusion debacle of 1989 [cold fusion]
Heliocentrism or the Copernican Revolution and insights of Galileo
The debate over the legitimacy of the Laffer Curve
Supersymmetry (generally) The existence of the Higgs Boson (or God particle) (specifically) or The Schrodinger’s cat thought experiment
Imaginary Numbers OR Dark matter or Dark energy
Plato’s tripartite conception of the soul
Why Socrates drank the hemlock…
Heaven’s gate cult (1997); perspectives on Hale-Bopp comet
The ethics and role/scope of DARPA
The implications of the W-map
OR
The best (human case study) example of:
Near Death Experience (medically)
The most problematic/wrong confidence in accuracy of eyewitness testimony
The most amazing visual illusion
a sensory processing disorder
a brain trauma incident that led to cognitive exceptionality/abnormality
a cultural practice / tradition that is fascinating or makes no sense of Western logos society OR the most culturally fascinating/unusual “superstition”
debate about the appropriateness or limits of art (art that provoked a social debate)
a heretic or researcher who was punished/doubted by eventually proved right in history
the nature of the best case study of someone with perfect long term memory or someone with no functional memory
the best example of science done in collaboration/partnership
the best example of science/technical work done in competitions
the best example of a total minor incident in history that turned to effect/cause massively significant historical event (the process that led to Harry Truman as a VP before FDR’s death; or how Elian Gonzalez incident gets explained for costing Gore the 2000 election thus leading us to the Iraq war)
the most vital/useful contribution to knowledge from dream inspiration (or imagination and not overt effort)
the quirkiest language rule (or belief about reality coded in language) in a non-English language
the greatest example of a knowledge contribution created/done entirely in a personal knowledge domain (done totally solo or without a knowledge community involvement)
the best case study/incident or scientist who proves there is can be a constructive overlap/relationship between science and faith/religion
the most saddening incident of an extinct/disappeared language and why
the most underappreciated figure/person who has contributed something of value (or knowledge) to the world and why
the most vital paradigm shift in the history of man
ACTUAL CASE STUDIES:
Jose Antonio Abreu and El Sistema
Anna Bågenholm
Wagner Dodge – mann gulch fire
Chimera – human case studies (Lydia Fairchild or Karen Keegan)
Lewis Pugh 2007
Thomas Bayes
Elisabeth Kübler-Ross
The creation of Blood types
The best story of a first successful (organ) transplantation or major surgical procedure
The Marsh Test in the history of forensic toxicology
the creation of bullet proof vests (from nature, etc)
The best (human case study) example of:
Near Death Experience (medically)
The most problematic/wrong confidence in accuracy of eyewitness testimony
The most amazing visual illusion
a sensory processing disorder
a brain trauma incident that led to cognitive exceptionality/abnormality
a cultural practice / tradition that is fascinating or makes no sense of Western logos society OR the most culturally fascinating/unusual “superstition”
debate about the appropriateness or limits of art (art that provoked a social debate)
a heretic or researcher who was punished/doubted by eventually proved right in history
the nature of the best case study of someone with perfect long term memory or someone with no functional memory
the best example of science done in collaboration/partnership
the best example of science/technical work done in competitions
the best example of a total minor incident in history that turned to effect/cause massively significant historical event (the process that led to Harry Truman as a VP before FDR’s death; or how Elian Gonzalez incident gets explained for costing Gore the 2000 election thus leading us to the Iraq war)
the most vital/useful contribution to knowledge from dream inspiration (or imagination and not overt effort)
the quirkiest language rule (or belief about reality coded in language) in a non-English language
the greatest example of a knowledge contribution created/done entirely in a personal knowledge domain (done totally solo or without a knowledge community involvement)
the best case study/incident or scientist who proves there is can be a constructive overlap/relationship between science and faith/religion
the most saddening incident of an extinct/disappeared language and why
the most underappreciated figure/person who has contributed something of value (or knowledge) to the world and why
the most vital paradigm shift in the history of man
ACTUAL CASE STUDIES:
Jose Antonio Abreu and El Sistema
Anna Bågenholm
Wagner Dodge – mann gulch fire
Chimera – human case studies (Lydia Fairchild or Karen Keegan)
Lewis Pugh 2007
Thomas Bayes
Elisabeth Kübler-Ross
The creation of Blood types
The best story of a first successful (organ) transplantation or major surgical procedure
The Marsh Test in the history of forensic toxicology
the creation of bullet proof vests (from nature, etc)
Dené–Yeniseian languages
Blue Brain project https://bluebrain.epfl.ch/page-56882-en.html
Church–Turing thesis
Global Islamic Finance Awards
The Gairdner Foundation International Award
Dan David Prize
The science fix of the Ozone Layer (1980s)
Blue Brain project https://bluebrain.epfl.ch/page-56882-en.html
Church–Turing thesis
Global Islamic Finance Awards
The Gairdner Foundation International Award
Dan David Prize
The science fix of the Ozone Layer (1980s)
CHECK THE COGNITIVE BIAS and logical fallacies lists below
Wikipedia list of cognitive biases
Cognitive Bias Cheat Sheet (biases explained)
Common Errors in Reasoning
12 Common Biases explained
Types of Biases
Cognitive Biases Tricking Your Mind (a great article)
TIER1 (good ones):
Cognitive bias
Anchoring effect
Bandwagon effect
Dunning-Kruger effect (or the Imposter Syndrome)
Sunk cost fallacy
Self serving bias
Group Attribution error (or fundamental attribution error)
Hindsight bias
Bystander effect
Clustering Illusion
Framing effect
Endowment effect
Social Comparison Bias
Optimism Bias
Pessimism/Negativity Bias
Desirability Bias
Naive Realism
Attentional Bias
Pluralistic Ignorance
Belief Change Blindness (or Blind Spot Bias)
Present Bias (or Recency or Primacy Effect)
Stereotyping (or Hasty Generalization)
Congruence Bias
Status Quo Bias (Rationalization)
Zero Sum Bias
Halo Effect (or In-group bias)
Availability bias/heuristic (or, more broadly, Heuristics)
Loss aversion
Hawthorne effect
Motivated Reasoning
Tier 2 (other ones):
Groupthink
Confabulation
Occam's Razor
Murphy's Law
Baader-Meinhof Phenomenom
Lake Wobegone effect (or the above average effect)
Dichotomous Thinking
Catastrophizing
Negative Externalities
Dogmaticism (or Entrenchment)
Paredolia
Declinism
Gamblers Fallacy
Ostrich Effect
Reactive Devaluation
The Backfire Effect
Survivorship Bias
Appeal to Novelty
Barnum Effect
Upside down thinking
Hot hand fallacy
Just-world hypothesis
Automation bias
Unit bias
Google effect
Bayes’s theorem/analysis
Diagnosis bias
“chasing a loss”
Value attribution
Inattentional blindness
Snowball effect (tipping points)
Chameleon effect (Pygmalion effect vs Golem effect)
Luddites - probably doesn't belong on this list, but the people should know
The idea of a “moral hazard”
Learned helplessness
The idea/examples of a Pyrrhic victory
zombie lie (one that won’t die)
Regression to the mean
the idea of the Fruit of the poisonous tree
The Hedonic Treadmill
The adjacent possible
Wikipedia list of cognitive biases
Cognitive Bias Cheat Sheet (biases explained)
Common Errors in Reasoning
12 Common Biases explained
Types of Biases
Cognitive Biases Tricking Your Mind (a great article)
TIER1 (good ones):
Cognitive bias
Anchoring effect
Bandwagon effect
Dunning-Kruger effect (or the Imposter Syndrome)
Sunk cost fallacy
Self serving bias
Group Attribution error (or fundamental attribution error)
Hindsight bias
Bystander effect
Clustering Illusion
Framing effect
Endowment effect
Social Comparison Bias
Optimism Bias
Pessimism/Negativity Bias
Desirability Bias
Naive Realism
Attentional Bias
Pluralistic Ignorance
Belief Change Blindness (or Blind Spot Bias)
Present Bias (or Recency or Primacy Effect)
Stereotyping (or Hasty Generalization)
Congruence Bias
Status Quo Bias (Rationalization)
Zero Sum Bias
Halo Effect (or In-group bias)
Availability bias/heuristic (or, more broadly, Heuristics)
Loss aversion
Hawthorne effect
Motivated Reasoning
Tier 2 (other ones):
Groupthink
Confabulation
Occam's Razor
Murphy's Law
Baader-Meinhof Phenomenom
Lake Wobegone effect (or the above average effect)
Dichotomous Thinking
Catastrophizing
Negative Externalities
Dogmaticism (or Entrenchment)
Paredolia
Declinism
Gamblers Fallacy
Ostrich Effect
Reactive Devaluation
The Backfire Effect
Survivorship Bias
Appeal to Novelty
Barnum Effect
Upside down thinking
Hot hand fallacy
Just-world hypothesis
Automation bias
Unit bias
Google effect
Bayes’s theorem/analysis
Diagnosis bias
“chasing a loss”
Value attribution
Inattentional blindness
Snowball effect (tipping points)
Chameleon effect (Pygmalion effect vs Golem effect)
Luddites - probably doesn't belong on this list, but the people should know
The idea of a “moral hazard”
Learned helplessness
The idea/examples of a Pyrrhic victory
zombie lie (one that won’t die)
Regression to the mean
the idea of the Fruit of the poisonous tree
The Hedonic Treadmill
The adjacent possible